by Mr. Leo Heileman

- aldrin

- chlordane

- DDT

- dieldrin

- endrin

- heptachlor

- toxaphene

- mirex

- hexachlorobencene (also used as a pesticide)

- PCBs

- dioxins

- furanes

WIDELY USED;

BIOCONCENTRATE AND ACCUMULATE;

LIPOPHILIC AND SEMI VOLATILE ;

LONG RANGE TRANSPORT IN THE ENVIRONMENT;

LONG PERSISTENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT;

ADVERSE HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS;

F

OCAL POINT OF UNEPs ACTIVITIES IN CHEMICALS;

PROMOTING THE CONTROL, REDUCTION AND EVENTUAL ELIMINATION OF THE USE OF POPS;

THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURE (WITH FAO);

PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND INVENTORY OF CHEMICALS;

CHEMICAL DATABASE;

REGIONAL DELIVERY OF UNEPīs PROGRAMMES

LEGISLATION;

INDUSTRY/OZONE;

MONITORING;

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING NETWORK;

ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZEN PROGRAMME;

TIERRAMERICA;

ENERGY/ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE CHANGE;

BIODIVERSITY/DESERTIFICATION;

CHEMICALS;

CLEANER PRODUCTION

APELL;

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT;

ENERGY;

TOURISM/HOTELS;

OZONACTION

• PRIORITY FOCUS OF PROGRAMME:

• APPROACH

1. DEFINE CONCEPTS, POLICIES AND TOOLS;

2. CREATE AWARENESS AND BUILD CAPACITY;

3. DEMONSTRATE EFFECTIVENESS AND MONITOR RESULTS;

4. MULTIPLY IMPLEMENTATION.

CP: A PREVENTIVE STRATEGY THAT PROMOTES THE USE OF CLEANER AND MORE EFFICIENT PROCESSES, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO REDUCE WASTE AT THE SOURCE

• TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS PLUS MANAGEMENT CHANGES
• REDUCE THE USE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
• CONSISTENT WITH MANAGEMENT OF POPs
• EXAMPLE: PULP BLEACHING

1. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FAVOUR END-OF-PIPE APPROACHES;

• UNIDO/UNEP/ NATIONAL CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRES (NCPC): MEXICO (1996), BRAZIL (1996), COSTA RICA (1998), EL SALVADOR (1998), GUATEMALA (1998), NICARAGUA (1998).
• GOVERNMENT OF SWITZERLAND & GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA: PROJECT TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRE IN MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA (1998).
• USAID ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION PREVENTION PROJECT (EP3): CHILE (TERMINATED IN 1996). NOW THERE ARE PROJECTS IN BOLIVIA, ECUADOR, JAMAICA, MEXICO (JOINTLY WITH THE MEXICAN NCPC), NICARAGUA, PARAGUAY.
• GTZ: ESTABLISHMENT OF GOLD/MERCURY AMALGAM RECOVERY PLANTS (TWO) IN COLOMBIA TO RECOVER MERCURY IN THE SMALL SCALE MINING OF MERCURY.
• GOVERNMENT OF CHILE: NATIONAL POLICY TOWARDS CLEANER PRODUCTION.
• UNIDO/GOVERNMENT OF ARGENTINA: CENTRE IN BAHIA BLANCA, BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE TO PROMOTE CLEANER PRODUCTION IN THE CHEMICAL AND FOOD SECTORS.
• WORLD BANK/GOVERNMENT OF ARGENTINA (UNEP INVOLVED IN PROJECT DESIGN): INTRODUCTION OF CP/EMS IN THE CAMPANA/ZARATE INDUSTRIAL AREA AS WELL AS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE INDUSTRIES IN BUENOS AIRES.
• UNEP/GOVERNMENTS OF NICARAGUA AND GUATEMALA: PROJECT ON STRATEGIES AND MECHANISMS FOR PROMOTING CLEANER PRODUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• PAHO/CEPIS;UNEP: WASTE MINIMIZATION MANUALS.

• IETC=s MAIN ROLE IS TO ACT AS A CATALYST IN FACILITATING THE TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGIES (ESTs) TO ADDRESS URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF LAKE/RESERVOIR BASINS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION.
• AT IETC WE PAY SPECIFIC ATTENTION TO URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS SUCH AS WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, SOLID WASTE, ENERGY, LOSS OF GREEN AND NATURAL SPACES, URBAN SPRAWL, LAND CONTAMINATION, TRAFFIC, TRANSPORT, AIR POLLUTION AND NOISE.
• ITS WORK PLAN REVOLVES AROUND THREE MAIN ISSUES:

1. EnTa: SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS ON SOCIETY FROM A TECHNOLOGY, EMPHASIZING UNINTENDED, INDIRECT, OR DELAYED CONSEQUENCES.

THE CONVENTION IS THE RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE ANNUAL WORLD-WIDE PRODUCTION OF 400 MILLION TONNES OF WASTES WHICH ARE HAZARDOUS TO PEOPLE OR THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THEY ARE TOXIC, POISONOUS, EXPLOSIVE, CORROSIVE, FLAMMABLE, OR INFECTIOUS. THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE BASEL CONVENTION ARE:

1. TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES SHOULD BE REDUCED TO A MINIMUM CONSISTENT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT.

4. TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTRES ARE PLANNED IN 4 COUNTRIES OF THE REGION: ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, EL SALVADOR AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO.

CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME NETWORK (CEPNET);

SPECIAL PROTECTED AREAS AND WILDLIFE (SPAW);

ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.

1. CLEANER PRODUCTION (NCPC 2>6, ICPIC, NETWORKING, WORKING GROUPS - LEATHER, TEXTILES, BIOTECHNOLOGY, PETROLEUM AND SOLVENTS, METAL FINISHING, PULP AND PAPER, POLICY, EDUCATION, DATA MANAGEMENT);